The during the war against the Russian army in Afghanistan, the young militants that were the backbone of the Taliban
fought successfully resulting in the much larger, better armed force to finally withdraw in defeat. In the years that have followed, the Jihadist cause has been globalized, and the leaders have grown into middle age. Have those who fought so fiercely in the face of insurmountable odds began to question their own cause and the leaders that spread the dogma of Islamic hate?
Der Spiegel examines this question beginning its focus with one such Islamic fighter, Noman Benotman a 41 year-old Libyan, in
Benotman has just returned [to London] from Libya, where he is working on behalf of the Gadhafi regime, the same regime he hoped to oust only a decade ago. He has been assigned a very delicate task. His job is to convince imprisoned members of his former terrorist group to sign a peace treaty of sorts. He has traveled to Libya 25 times in the last 16 months, and his efforts are paying off. Now, he says, the document that will allow his former comrades to be reintegrated into society is as good as written — and on the verge of being signed.
Under the agreement the terrorists, most of them in prison for many years, will renounce violence and the murder of civilians. It will also include a denial of recent al-Qaida claims that the LIFG has joined forces with the international terrorist organization. This is untrue, says Benotman, explaining that the Libyans distanced themselves from al-Qaida long ago. His new mission is anything but secretive. Arab television broadcaster Al-Jazeera recently reported on his trips to Libya — a story about a former jihadist’s attempt to bring about peace, after all, is nothing short of spectacular.
An Islamic fundamentalist working to integrate terrorists into the government they once vowed to topple is a stunning turn around but not limited specifically to Libya or Benotman.
In late May, India’s influential Deoband religious movement issued a fatwa against terrorism. In a joint proclamation at a meeting in New Delhi attended by representatives of the country’s leading Islamic organizations, the groups stated: “It is the goal and purpose of Islam to extinguish all forms of terrorism and to disseminate the message of global peace. Those who use the Koran and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad to justify terror are merely upholding a lie.”
Former militants who have renounced jihad often begin to proselytize among their former comrades-in-arms. In late April, a handful of former members of the militant Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir, which was founded in Jordan in 1953 and eventually spread to about 40 countries, established a foundation to combat fundamentalism among Muslims in Europe.
Like Benotman, Maajid Nawaz, 31, has left the radical faction of Islam to form the Quilliam Foundation. Choosing western clothing over tradition Muslim attire, Nawaz speaks frankly about his reason for rejecting the cause which caused him to spend 5 years in an Egyptian prison.
“I turned away from Islamism,” he said, “because I recognized it as the curse of Islam.”
In the ten years after bin Laden and his second-in-command, Ayman al-Zawahiri founded the “International Islamic Front for Jihad against Jews and Crusaders,” and seven years after the attacks of Sept. 11, terrorism experts are beginning to see divisiveness within the ranks. The first major defector was Sayyid Imam al-Sharif, an Egyptian doctor, and who competed with Zawahiri for bin Laden’s favor. Sharif is better known under his nom de guerre, Dr. Fadl and is also known as the “al-Qaida’s chief ideologue,”
He wrote that jihadism is reprehensible and that it violates the precepts of Islam and Shariah law. Killing people solely on the basis of their nationality is not in keeping with the Koran, he wrote, especially since the victims of such acts are often “innocent Muslims and non-Muslims.” “Fight, on God’s behalf, against those who fight you, but do not exceed the limits,” the converted Dr. Fadl wrote.
The defection of Fadl set the course for others to follow.
Paul Cruickshank of New York University and terrorism expert Peter Bergen spent six months investigating the turmoil within al-Qaida. The two were the first to interview Noman Benotman, and they also spoke with other critics of the terror organization — including Sheikh Salman al-Oudah.
Cruickshank believes that the Iraq War actually caused the fractures of Al-Qaida to be delayed because the presence of American soldiers on Islamic soil was a solidifying factor in the continuation of the hostilities against the West. But the movement away from the radicalization of Islam continues to be seen.
This shift in the general mood that experts like Bergen believe is happening in Europe is clearly in evidence at London’s Al-Tawhid Mosque. Two of the presumed attackers who planned, and failed, to commit attacks in London and Glasgow in late June 2007 were frequent visitors to the mosque. “But now people have had enough of Islam constantly being equated with terrorism,” says Usama Hasan, the mosque’s 36-year-old imam.
These days Hasan wears a suit when leading Friday prayers. “I am a Muslim living in the West, and I want everyone to see it.” Hasan, himself a former fighter in Afghanistan and member of a fundamentalist group, now preaches the renunciation of violence and condemns terrorism.
Perhaps the greatest enemy of Al-Qaida is not the military of the west, but that force that shapes the souls of many men: time and experience.